Benedict Arnold The American Revolutionary War - 939 Words

Benedict Arnold. Benedict Arnold was a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army but defected to the British Army (Wikipedia, Benedict Arnold) While a commander Benedict obtained command at West Point, new York overlooking The Hudson River and plotted in secret to surrender to British soldiers. Things did not go as planned for Benedict as his plan was exposed in September, 1780 which forced him to switch sides and was commissioned to the British Army as Brigadier General. (Wikipedia Benedict Arnold). Early Life. Benedict Arnold was born to Hannah Waterman King and Benedict Arnold III in Norwich, Connecticut on January 14, 1741. His mother Hannah was a wealthy widow before getting married to his farther. Benedict was educated in private schools in his early days, one of the being in Canteburry. The death of three of his siblings from yellow fever lead to his father finding solace in local drinking establishments and making poor business decisions leading to the demise of their financial security. Benedict was forced to leave school and due to the lack of structure that an educational system and proper parental control provides, Arnold often found himself in trouble. After frequent frustration his mother, Hannah found solace in her family in the form of cousins; Daniel and Joshua Lathrop who owned a business in apothecary which was relatively successful. Arnold became an apprentice in this business taking episodesShow MoreRelatedBenedict Arnold Was An Early American Hero Of The Revolutionary War1995 Words   |  8 Pagesschool history class, then you probably have no idea about Benedict Arnold, you probably never even heard the name before. â€Å"Benedict Arnold was an early American hero of the Revolutionary war,† (Benedict Arnold). He later became a worldwide known traitor after switching to the British side. He fought in many wars throughout his life since the age of 16. Arnold joined the militia and traveled to upstate New York to fight the French. Benedict Arnold was born January 14, 1741 to a wealthy mother and a successfulRead MoreThe Legacy Of Benedict Arnold991 Words   |  4 PagesThe life of Benedict Arnold, is a legendary American story, about military victory, dishonor, and treason. In many ways, Benedict Arnold was a hero, a member of the sons of liberty, who rose to the rank of general, and won historic battles during the Revolutionary war. If Benedict Arnold was killed in the battle of Quebec, history would have remembered him very differently. However, Benedict Arnold succumbed the great moral dilemma of greed, which ultimately tarnished his image in American minds. BecauseRead MoreBiographical Information on Benedict Arnold706 Words   |  3 Pages Benedict Arnold was a general during the Revolutionary War, whom fought for the American army but eventually betrayed them and fought for the British. Included in this report will be his biographical information, the major events and people in his life which influen ced him to become the person he was, and why he was important. I will be using this information to explain what made him a leader. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741 in Norwich Connecticut to Hannah King, who was a wealthyRead MoreWas Benedict Arnold a Real Traitor? Essay951 Words   |  4 Pagesover Arnold’s place in American history has carried into this century. All the Americans relate George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson as their heroes, but there is a debate whether Benedict Arnold was a victim or a traitor. Arnold was a general during the American Revolutinary War, and he fought for the Continental Army. His name became synonymous with the word traitor. Benedict Arnold was a Revolutionary Hero that had a huge effect on succeeding in the war. He had motivated aRead MoreBenedict Arnold Traitor Or Traitor1276 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Revolutionary War, there were many different influencers that affected the course of the War. Both the American Colonies and the British had brave and noble heroes. Yet there was one man who became a traitor and disliked by both side s in his lifetime. Benedict Arnold was an egotistical, bold man who managed to find himself without anywhere to run do despise, or perhaps more because of, his actions and behavior during the Revolution. Benedict Arnold had always been devilish, even from a youngRead MoreWho is Benedict Arnold?730 Words   |  3 PagesDo you know who Benedict, Arnold is? If you don’t that is a stunning result because Benedict is part of our military and countries history. He is known an American traitor due to the fact that he went to support the French in their fight with America after fighting with the French for so long. Benedict had turned intelligence about the American fortress that controlled the Hudson River. He had released valuable information about the fort for it would be able to be over run because, who, who had controlRead MoreThe War Of The Revolutionary War1078 Words   |  5 Pagessubject to learn about in History is spies. With the ideas of secret ink and leaving important documents at Dead Drops would be someone’s dream to live. That does not mean that every story of a spy ended up that way. Several spies during the Revolutionary war were hanged if caught. Though, o ne major traitor in the United States did not get hanged. He escaped to England. The life of spies is quite different then what people imagine. Even the founding fathers of the United States of America played suchRead MoreBenedict Arnold Essay examples1014 Words   |  5 PagesContinental Army, Benedict Arnold is most remembered for becoming a turncoat during the Revolutionary War. But, before switiching sides Benedict was a strong military leader and an excellent soldier. And, on both sides of the war, Benedict had great victories. Through his patriotic and traitorous acts, Benedict Arnold helped shape the course of the American Revolution. In 1775, Benedict Arnold had taken his first victory-Fort Ticonderoga. The Battle of the fort occured on May 10, 1775. Arnold and four-hundredRead MoreBenedict Arnold Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesBenedict Arnold was a Revolutionary Hero that had a big affect on winning the war. He had boosted many of the soldiers moral during the war with his successful raids. Moral could be considered a reason for the Americans winning the war because it kept them going through there up and downs. To begin my essay, I’ll start it with a brief summary on Arnold, so the reader will understand who he really was. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14,1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. His ancestors WilliamRead MoreThe Battle Of Saratog The Turning Point Of The Revolution1328 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Revolution Tyler Ho Mr. Miraya 4B Mountain View High School â€Æ' The Battle of Saratoga was the most important battle fought in the Revolutionary War. The colonial troops were outnumbered greatly by the British army, low on morale, and had no foreign allies before the battle. The Continental Congress had tried to convince France to help support them in the war, but France had refused because they believed the Colonies had no chance of winning. The victory at Saratoga convinced foreign countries

RFID Based Modular System for IOT-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Disucss about the RFID Based Modular System for IOT. Answer: Introduction The IoT that is described in this assessment is about Radio Frequency Identification Technology. RFID are used to track items and identify the items (Hutabarat et al., 2016). In this modern world that includes technology to a great extend, RFID is an excellent technology for identification. The features of RFID are they are very fast in identifying many numbers of tags at a time and are has a capability of wireless reading from several meters. The latest IoT technology among all is the Identification with Radio Frequency technology. If an object is shown digitally, it is much easier to control the object from distant places with higher capability. A broad area of Automatic Identification System (Auto-ID) is the RFID system. The project that is chosen to explain RFID system in this assessment is laundry management (Chung, 2014). The RFID technology helps to improve the efficiency and effectiveness in managing the laundry and also simplify the operations. Tracking and maintaining a laundry manually is very difficult. To obtain a detail record of all the things, it requires a demanding labour to count record and separate the data and inserting them manually in the computer (Gan, Aw Sheng, 2016). Experienced laundry management is needed for productive laundry management and profitable cost. An Auto-ID RFID technology is useful for adding data to the stock systems. The effort and time for shipping, receiving and shipping the laundry are managed by the RFID technology automatically (Celikkan Kurtel, 2017). This provides accountability and control in laundry circulation process. In RFID, the status, last recorded time, information of the material, conditions of washing and number of washing cycles that are l eft are recorded in the system. The basic infrastructure necessary for this type of practical application includes readers and tags, as well as RFID management software, all designed to work together seamlessly (Gordon et al., 2016). Solution with features To overcome the process of laundry management RFID modular system is used. The processes that are used in managing the laundry are- Expedition from the laundry- Clothes are packed and selected accordingly ready to send to the destination and delivery is prepared. Move the clean items to the destination- Delivery of the items are done to the destination from where they were bought. Expedition in the destination- Expedition of clothes is done in the destination. Users- The clean clothes are kept in the proper place and the numbers of newly added clothes are recorded. Collection service- In collection service, the dirty clothes are again collected in the centralized point and after all the collections are completed, they are accumulately taken to the laundry again. Move the items back to laundry- The dirty items are collected and move to the laundry for washing, drying and ironing. Receiving of items- The items are collected and recorded the number of items that are to be cleaned and washed. Washing, drying and ironing- The items are finally washed, cleaned and ironed with proper care. If repair is needed then the repairmen is done. Diagram showing the process of laundry management Fig: Working process of Laundry Management The working process of the RFID System in Laundry Management Fig: Working process of RFID in laundry management The main goal of the project is to realize a SW module that is complex for acquiring data from the readers, providing data for evaluation, filtering, unifying or storing the data in the database by the use of a database server. For unifying and filtering purposes, IoT middleware controls process of reading to all the connected readers and advance raw data collected from the antennas that consists information only regarding the tags in communication area of the antenna and some readers add RSSI information. Data collected are processed, filtered and analyzed for certaining the direction of the passage (Jones Chung, 2016). The information is shipped to a higher system in single report iteration. The lowest level of the SW module is thecommunication layer which gives a several protocols of communication according to demanded protocols by distinct readers from distinct manufacturers. Other communication rules are added by the developers and this layer of communication is made universal. Mainly two protocols are implemented. First one is the standardized Low Level Reader Protocol (LLRP) and the second is the proprietary protocol for particular manufacturer. The LLRP supports a larger part of high standard RFID readers. This LLRP protocol gives a control to air protocol and also arrange the control of air protocol of RFID operating timing. The data are processed in LLRP from single RFID tag in EPC (Electronic Product Code) form and configuration of reader. Pros of using this RFID laundry Management Technology The advantage of using the RFID technology is the way to use LLRP reader with the help of different manufactures and creates a tenderized interface. The advantages are as follows- Cons of using this RFID laundry Management Technology Conclusion This assessment sheds a light on the importance of IoT in this modern era. Based on IoT, details of RFID technology is described briefly. The RFID technology used in the project describes a laundry management. This paper illustrates the use of RFID technology to improve and simplify the operations if the laundry management. RFID reader is a wireless technology which makes the technology so much useful. RFID also lessens the cost of software. References Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future generation computer systems,29(7), 1645-1660. Hutabarat, D. P., Patria, D., Budijono, S., Saleh, R. (2016, October). Human tracking application in a certain closed area using RFID sensors and IP camera. InInformation Technology, Computer, and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), 2016 3rd International Conference on(pp. 11-16). IEEE. Chung, S. B. (2014). Clothing Management System Using the Smart Hanger Embedded RFID.Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers,51(8), 185-194. Celikkan, U., Kurtel, K. (2017). Application of Service-Oriented Context-Aware Architecture to Laundry Management System.Studies in Informatics and Control,26(2), 193-202. Gordon, M., Scott, J. H., Laganis, E. J., Judge, J. M., Armonaitis, K. (2016).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/192,200. Jones, E. C., Chung, C. A. (2016).RFID and Auto-ID in Planning and Logistics: A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications. CRC Press. Pokric, B., Krco, S., Pokric, M. (2014, May). Augmented reality based smart city services using secure iot infrastructure. InAdvanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), 2014 28th International Conference on(pp. 803-808). IEEE. Gan, O. P., Aw, L. L., Sheng, H. (2016, November). Reliable RFID bulk reading using adaptive time and power control. InRegion 10 Conference (TENCON), 2016 IEEE(pp. 130-134). IEEE

The Prince Essays - Social Psychology, Machiavellianism, The Prince

The Prince The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince examines the nature of power and his views of power are still somewhat in existence today. I'll discuss this in this essay, emphasizing the following theses. Machiavelli discusses power over the people, dictatorial power, and power with people, shared power. While it is possible for power with to attain greater prevalence in society, it will not completely eliminate power over. In The Prince, Machiavelli discusses two distinct groups of people, the political elite, including nobles and other princes, and the general public. Today in the United States, the first group, the political elite, includes political leaders, religious leaders, business leaders and the leaders of strong lobbying groups. The composition of the general public has changed little from Machiavelli's time. Machiavelli concentrates on relations between the prince and the political elite. He claims that ambition and dictatorial power drive most nobles and princes. A prince must act with dictatorial power in order to maintain his position. Machiavelli assumes that shared power will not be effective with nobles, since "whether men bear affection depends on themselves, but whether they are afraid will depend on what the ruler does" (Machiavelli, p.60-61). Since the nobles are unforgiving and greedy it would be dangerous if not downright suicidal for a prince to rely on their good will. Equally important, Machiavelli states that a prince, a political leader, has different concerns than the general public. For a prince personal actions, which would be considered immoral or unvirtuous, may save lives or help the prince's country. In this way a prince is not immoral, but instead acts with a morality different in nature from the general public. Machiavelli gives several examples of this. Miserliness is considered a fault. Yet, a miserly prince "will come to be considered more generous when it is realized that his revenues are sufficient to defend himself against enemies that attack him, and to undertake campaigns without imposing special taxes on the people" (p.56). Likewise, starting a war is considered an immoral act by many. Yet, a prince should not allow troubles"to develop in order to avoid fighting a war for wars can not really be avoided, but are merely postponed to the advantage of others" (p.11). Avoiding war may cause more suffering among the people than starting war. For example, many believe that World War II could have been avoided, saving tens of millions of lives, had England and France not pursued a policy of appeasement towards the Germans. While Machiavelli emphasizes power over in relations between the political elite, he discusses a different kind of power in the relations between a prince and the general public. Machiavelli notes that a prince can share power with the people, since a prince can trust the people much more than he can trust the nobles. Nobles "can not be satisfied if a ruler acts honorably but the people can be thus satisfies, because their aims are more honorable than those of the nobles are: for the latter only want to oppress and the former only want to avoid being oppressed" (p.35). The people are not unforgiving and greedy so the prince can place more trust in the people. Since the public can be trusted, the prince can empower the people. An empowered public will protect the ruler rather than overthrow him. Machiavelli suggests providing people with power in terms of arms, since "when you arm them, these weapons become your own" (p. 72). In this way power is an increasing resource, sharing power with the people can result in greater power for the people and for the prince. Finally Machiavelli notes that inherent power of the public, which exists despite the dictatorial power that any prince exercises. When discussing fortresses, he states that "the best fortress a ruler can have is not to be hated by the people, for if you possess fortresses and the people hate you, having fortresses will not save you" (p.75). Machiavelli does not disregard shared power as a potentially successful way to govern, but only notes that dictatorial power can not be used exclusively in governing. Even in relations with the general public, which can include shared power, the prince can not act in ways that might be considered virtuous for the general citizen. People expect leaders to act differently than themselves. Machiavelli notes that people are interested in appearances and results. A leader must seem resolute and moral to the people, and show positive results from his leadership. The most important thing for a leader to do is to avoid being hated or despised by the public, which could occur

University of Sioux Falls Admissions

University of Sioux Falls Admissions With an acceptance rate of 92%, the University of Sioux Falls is largely accessible to those who apply each year. Interested students will need to submit an application, which can be found on the schools website. Additional required materials include high school transcripts and scores from either the SAT or the ACT.   Admissions Data (2015) University of Sioux Falls Acceptance Rate: 92%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Scores:SAT Critical Reading: 470 / 550SAT Math: 440 / 540SAT Writing: - / -ACT Scores:ACT Composite: 20  / 25ACT English: 19 / 25ACT Math: 20  / 26 University of Sioux Falls  Description In the early 1880s, a delegation of area Baptist churches chartered an institution of higher learning, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, originally calling it the Dakota College Institute. Throughout the coming years, the school merged with neighboring colleges, lost and regained accreditation, and went through various other changes; the University of Sioux Falls now offers 40 undergraduate degrees and a handful of graduate degrees to its students. Outside of the classroom, students can take part in over 100 student-run clubs and organizations, ranging from the academic to the recreational. On the athletic front, the USF Cougars compete in the NCAA Division II, in the Great Plains Athletic Conference.   Enrollment (2014) Total Enrollment: 1,482 (1,224 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 41% Male / 59% Female82% Full-time Costs (2015 - 16) Tuition and Fees: $26,240Textbooks: $950Room and Board: $6,900Other Expenses: $3,510Total Cost: $37,600 University of Sioux Falls  Financial Aid (2014  - 15) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 100%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 100%Loans: 77%Average Amount of AidGrants: $16,011Loans: $9,095 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Accounting, Nursing, Elementary Education, Exercise Science, Criminal Justice, Biology Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 72%4-Year Graduation Rate: 37%6-Year Graduation Rate: 54% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Football, Golf, Basketball, Track, and Field, Cross Country, BaseballWomens Sports:  Basketball, Cross Country, Soccer, Track and Field, Softball, Volleyball, Tennis University of Sioux Falls  Mission Statement The University of Sioux Falls, a Christian University in the liberal arts tradition, educates students in the humanities, sciences, and professions. The traditional motto of the University is  Culture for Service, that is, we seek to foster academic excellence and the development of mature Christian persons for service to God and humankind in the world... USF is committed to the Lordship of Jesus Christ and to the integration of biblical faith and learning; it affirms that Christians are called to share their faith with others through lives of service. The University is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches, U.S.A., and welcomes students of any faith or denomination.

Research proposal - Impact of diabetes among the lebanese community in Essay

Research proposal - Impact of diabetes among the lebanese community in sydney - Essay Example The increasing cases of diabetes amongst Lebanese people are also a cause of worry. Sydney is host to a large number of Lebanese people, migrated to the country, hence the city, in search of better job opportunities living standards. There are many studies indicating increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus in these families. These have been ascribed to hereditary factors, food habits, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and increased consanguinity over many generations (Abou-Daoud, 1969). Acculturation is a social phenomenon where family values tend to play important roles, and social and cultural factors related to the immigrant race determine the patterns of acceptance or resistance of newer cultural norms (Bhugra, 2004). This means community, family and social life will have an important impact of the disease on the family and quality of life of the individual (Dept Human Services (Vic), 2004). Diabetes in any population is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, economic, cultural, and social impacts on the person, family, relations, and the community (Zalloua, 2003). Therefore exploration into these factors can discover the qualitative indicators that are impacted with diabetes in this population which may be engineered to change these perspectives of diabetes amongst Lebanese population. With the availability of such details in the public domain, a literature review can be planned out. In order to have a comprehensive literature review, we have a variety of options like, medical and health journals, findings of similar researches undertaken in the recent past, studies undertaken by reputed institutions and organizations like the WHO, Australian Health Ministry etc. In the preliminary study that has been undertaken for this research, it has been observed that while lot of data is available on the lifestyle and its impact on diabetic cases on the

Consumer buyer behavior about ego-expressive way in the decision Case Study - 1

Consumer buyer behavior about ego-expressive way in the decision making of rolex costumer - Case Study Example The owners of the Rolex Watch product rely on their understanding of the consumer behavior extensively as many other successful businesses. The consumers of the watch as a product are diverse and they present various factors that lead them towards purchasing the product readily. The Rolex Watch brand is the leading and most expensive Watch in the market currently. There are several types of the Watch. Moreover, Rolex manufactures watches designated for each of the genders, ages and uses. These are essential factors of consideration in the pricing aspect of the product. For instance, according to information gathered through the interactions with the Rolex professionals, the female gender used to constitute a large share of their customers. However, with the current developments in the market, the company is also manufacturing watches for men in large volumes, meaning that the male population is also a considerable consumer volume of the watches. The aspects of use, it depends on the reasons why the consumer purchases the watch. The latest development in the company is the establishment of the Rolex diving watch. Thus, with such watches, resistant to water, offering quality and accurate time measurement initiates the desire in the consumers to own a watch. The larger base of the consumer of the Rolex Watch includes the rich people, collectors of antiques and retail business people. The aspect that the Rolex Watch has a high pricing means that the consumers with low income are unable to afford the product. In manufacturing the product, Rolex focus on people with an interest in brand and aesthetic value of products. The watch established itself as a virtually dominant brand in the market, due to its association with class and high social status. The watch enjoys an ego-expressive status in its customers, as they seek the product for various reasons, all related

Investment in the Indian Education Sector Essay Example for Free

Investment in the Indian Education Sector Essay Education is the key to unlocking and building lasting value in a robust economy. For any country to grow and prosper, a well-positioned educated young population is the fundamental requirement to meet the demands of an increasingly global economy and productive value creation. India has amongst the largest student population in the world and a low literacy level of 74. 04% (2011)1. According to census 2011 figures, over 35. 3% of the 1. 21 billion people are between the age group 0-14 years. Additionally, there is shortage of employable manpower in various industry segments. In order to meet this existing and emergent demand, there is huge need of investments in the Indian education sector. Currently, education is primarily handled by the government through its infrastructure and budget outlays. But given the small budget outlays and complex regulatory structure, supply is lagging far behind the demand of education. Expenditure on Education as %age of GDP 6000 GDP in thousnad Crores 5000 3. 64 4000 3000 3. 36 2000 1000 0 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2,098 2,261 2,538 2,878 3,282 3,779 3. 51 3. 45 4,321 4,933 3. 81 3. 74 3. 80 3. 70 3. 60 3. 50 3. 40 % expendutire on education 3. 78 3. 78 3. 90 3. 30 3. 20 3. 10 Source: Ministry of Human resource and Development (MHRD), Government of India REGULATION India’s tightly controlled regulatory structure is the primary reason for shortage of quality education institutions. Being in â€Å"Concurrent list†, education is being governed by both Central and State government with huge variations amongst the state regulations. Currently, the government regulates who you can teach, what you can teach them and what you can charge them. Some of the key bodies regulating education in India are:? Schooling o Department of School Education and Literacy MHRD o Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) o Various State Boards o National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) 1 Census of India, 2011 Page 3 A research report on Investment in Indian Education Sector ? Higher Education o Department of Higher Education MHRD o University Grants Commission( UGC) o All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) o Statutory Councils ? Medical Council of India (MCI) ? Bar Council of India (BCI) ? National Council of Teacher Education (NCTE) Voluntary Education and Skill Development o National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT) o National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) ? In order to overcome this overlapping nature of various governing bodies especially in higher education, government is planning to come up with National Commission for Higher Education and Research (NCHER). This commission would work as a single regulatory body which would determine, co-ordinate and maintain standards in promotion of higher education and research. It will subsume regulatory bodies such as UGC, NCTE and AICTE, thus making the process more streamlined. KEY POLICY/ACT ? Foreign Educational Institutions(FEIs) o Allows FEIs to setup multi-disciplinary campuses and award degrees o Mandates FEIs to reinvest surplus from Indian operations o Mandates FEIs to invest at least 51% of capital expenditure required o Regulates the admission process, fee structure, period of operation of FEIs Right to Education o Makes access to primary education a fundamental right o Mandates 25% reservation for underprivileged students in schools? BUDGET 2011 HIGHLIGHTS ? ? ? ? ? Allocated an amount of Rs 52,057 Crores for universalizing access to secondary education Allocated an amount of Rs 21,000 Crores for Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Increased the total allocation by 24% over the previous year Lack in allocation of funds for Teacher improvement and training Lacked emphasis on the K-12 sector in terms of school improvement, quality control etc. EDUCATION IN INDIA Indian education sector has witnessed a series of changes in the last few years, which resulted in a significant increase in market size of the education industry. With economic growth and enhanced technology it has become necessary to develop the Indian education sector. Funds are a major concern in the market to meet this demand. The government has taken many initiatives for the development of education infrastructure which needs to be supplemented led by private players. The government has also opened the doors for foreign universities by passing Foreign Educational Institution (Regulation of Entry and Operation) Bill, 2010, which will help in shaping the education industry structure specially pertaining of higher education in India. A research report on Investment in Indian Education Sector About 185,000 Indians study overseas and spend USD 4 billion annually. This is almost 10% of the private spend on education, coming from a very small 0. 001% segment of the student population. A number of these students are now returning to India after completing their studies, as job markets in India are more attractive, especially in contrast to weak macro scenarios in the western markets. Entry of leading foreign institutions will enable some of this USD 4 billion spend to stay in India, and also provide a much needed boost to quality. STRUCTURE Indian education system can be divided into formal and informal segments which are further divided into sub-segments. Formal education segment broadly comprises schools and higher education institutes. Schools often classified as K-12(Kindergarten to 12th) caters to ‘3-17 years’ age group. While higher education includes graduate, diploma, professional and post-graduation courses caters to ’18-22 years’ and above age group. On the other hand, informal education segment comprises of preschools, multimedia, ICT, vocational training, books and coaching classes. This segment is free from regulation as opposed to highly regulated formal education segment. Schools (K-12) Formal Higher Education Preschools Indian Education System Multimedia ICT Non-formal Vocational training Books Coaching classes Page 5 A research report on Investment in Indian Education Sector INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS India is home to several well acclaimed International Schools and is increasing rapidly. This demand has been fuelled by parents looking for a new system of education which is more interesting and less stressful. Also, large number of NRIs resettling in India is also contributing to this demand. Being in India these schools have to adhere to certain requirements of the Indian national system irrespective of the examination system adopted by them. Most of the international schools opt for the International Baccalaureate (IB) Board. However, there are other examination systems like the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and General Certificate of Education (GCE) examination systems which are also present. The IB is a recognized leader in the field of international education. It is a non-profit, mission-driven foundation that offers three programs for students aged 3 to 19. ? ? ? Primary Years Programme (PYP) Middle Years Programme (MYP) Diploma Programme -For students aged 3 to 12 -For students aged 11 to 16 -For students aged 16 to 19 In India, most international schools offer IB Diploma Programme. In this students study six courses at higher level or standard level. Students must choose one subject from each of groups 1 to 5, thus ensuring breadth of experience in languages, social studies, experimental sciences and mathematics. The sixth subject may be an arts subject chosen from group 6, or the student may choose another subject from groups 1 to 5. Additionally, the programme has three core requirements that are included to broaden the educational experience and challenge students to apply their knowledge and understanding. The â€Å"extended essay† is a requirement for students to engage in independent research through an in-depth study of a question relating to one of the subjects they are studying. â€Å"Theory of knowledge† is a course designed to encourage each student to reflect on the nature of knowledge by critically examining different ways of knowing (perception, emotion, language and reason) and different kinds of knowledge (scientific, artistic, mathematical and historical). â€Å"Creativity, action, service† requires that students actively learn from the experience of doing real tasks beyond the classroom. Students can combine all three components or do activities related to each one of them separately. Some of the International Schools in India:? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Aditya Birla World Academy-Mumbai American Embassy School- New Delhi Amity Global School-New Delhi D Y Patil International School-Mumbai and Nagpur Dhirubhai Ambani International SchoolMumbai GD Goenka World School-Gurgoan Indus International School-Bangalore, Hyderabad and Pune KiiT International School-Bhubaneswar Pathways School-Gurgoan, Noida and NewDelhi Stonehill International School-Bangalore Sharad Pawar International School-Pune Doon School -Dehradun Page 6 A research report on Investment in Indian Education Sector ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS SEGMENTS BASED ON KEY PARAMETERS. Growth Prospect Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Regulated No Yes Yes No No No No No Scalable Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Possibility to Create Value Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Preschool Schools(K-12) Higher Education Multimedia ICT Coaching Classes Vocational Training Books GROWTH DRIVERS ? ? Demographic advantage o As per Census 2011 ,35. 3% of the Indian population is under the age of 14 Increasing awareness o Increase in awareness towards education as a priority and essential tool for career growth o Increase in job opportunities and salaries offered making investment in education prudent Human Resource driven economy o Increase in  the demand for an educated skilled workforce by services sector o Share of service sector in GDP increased from 30% in 1950 to 55% in 2007. Technology aided delivery o Increase in penetration of technology resulting in virtual learning and education delivery New employment avenues o Newer employment avenues such as KPO, LPO, retail, aviation, animation etc. demanding highly skilled manpower ? ? ? INDUSTRY FORECAST SCHOOLING. Segment Pre-School K-12 Tutorial Books Stationery Education CD-ROMs Multimedia in School Total 2008 1,200 21,000 5,000 1,700 1,380 120 25 30,425 CAGR 20%-25% 5%-10% 8%-13% 5%-10% 5%-10% 25%-30% 60%-70% 2013 3,500 30,800 8,000 2,400 2,000 390 320 47,410 CAGR 10%-15% 5%-10% 5%-10% 3%-8% 3%-8% 20%-25% 50%-60% 2018 5,800 43,200 11,800 3,000 2,600 1,100 3,300 70,800 (Figures in USD million) Page 7 A research report on Investment in Indian Education Sector HIGHER EDUCATION. Segment Higher Education Preparatory Total 2008 6,700 1,600 30,425 CAGR 8%-13% 13%-18% 2013 11,200 3,200 47,410 CAGR 7%-12% 10%-15% 2018 18,100 5,900 70,800 (Figures in USD million) VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT Segment Child skill enhancement IT training E-learning Finishing school Vocational Teacher training Total 2008 740 195 45 25 1,500 15 2,520 CAGR 20%-25% 35%-45% 35%-45% 50%-60% 15%-20% 50%-60% 2013 2,200 1,050 240 235 3,100 140 6,965 CAGR 17%-22% 33%-38% 33%-38% 45%-55% 10%-15% 45%-55% 2018 5,600 4,700 1,100 1,800 6,200 1,100 20,500 (Figures in USD million) Source: Technopak report on India Education Sector INVESTMENT SCENARIO With an education network of more than one million schools and 20,000 higher-education institutes, the market size of the Indian education system is estimated at more than US$40 billion2 (2009). However, inadequate infrastructure has placed pressure on the sector’s overall development. Education sector is unable to cope with growing market demand and global competition due to constrained investments. Increased private investment is imperative to expand infrastructure and provide greater access to quality education. Also, Government is planning to set up an education ? nance corporation with an investment of around US$4–5 billion, which aims to provide the education sector with long-term, low-cost ? nancing. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) PPP can provide the much needed finance to the education sector while serving as an efficient operating model. Establishing strong partnerships between private and public sector can achieve the growth. POSSIBLE PPP STRUCTURE The educational institute (special purpose vehicle) is set up as a Society or Trust, as per applicable guidelines. The UGC, AICTE or some other central regulatory body approves norms and standards of the institute. The state provides applicable administrative and financial support to the institute. Capital outlays are met by an educational services entity which 2 EY’s Private Equity Round Up April-June 2010 Page 8 A research report on Investment in Indian Education Sector provides infrastructure. The educational services entity charges a fee for use of facilities by the Society or Trust. Finally, the infrastructure facilities are transferred to the institute after a particular time period. Central Government State Government AICTE, UGC approvals Provision of grants Local approvals Land and utilities Trust/Society Service fees Infrastructure Service Provider Transfer of Infrastructure after prescribed time period Source:-2009 E Y – EDGE 2009 report on Private Enterprise in Indian Higher Education KEY PLAYERS GLOBAL ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Apollo Group (USA) Mcgraw-Hill (USA) Pearson Plc (England) Benesse Corp (Japan) Devry Inc (USA) ITT Educational (USA) Strayer Education (USA) New Oriental (China) Career Education (USA) Corinthian College (USA) Capella Education (USA) Raffles Education ( Singapore) Mega Study ( South Korea) SkillSoft ( USA) Page 9 A research report on Investment in Indian Education Sector INDIA FORMAL ? ? Preschool o Kidzee o Euro Kids Multimedia in private schools o Educomp o Everonn o NIIT Vocational Training o NIIT o Aptech o Frank Finn Coaching Classes o FIIT-JEE o TIME o Career Launcher Books o Tata Mcgraw Hill o John Wiley o Navneet Publications ? INFORMAL K -12 (School) o Millennium Schools (Part of EduComp) o Kids Zee High o Billabong High (Part of Kangaroo Kids) o GEMS ( Dubai based) Higher Education o Manipal Education o Amity o IIPM o ICFAI ? ? ? ? MAJOR DEALS INVESTMENTS ? ? ? ? Rs10 billion investment plan from educational institutes in Haryana’s Rajiv Gandhi Educational City ( January’11) RS 28. 08 billion investment for setting up 20 IIITs under PPP route ( January’11) Everonn Rs 36 billion investment plan to setup 300 K-12 schools by 2015 (July’10) Educomp Rs 510 million contract to provide computer education in Bihar’s schools (May’10). PRIVATE EQUITY DEALS Education sector has witnessed 29 PE deals (refer Exhibit 1), cumulatively worth US$381 million, between January 2006 and June 2010 (as per Private equity roundup April-June 2010 by Ernst and Young). The majority of these investments have been in for-pro? t corporate entities that are not subjected to any government regulations. In future, with increased government spending and expansion plans of private players, the potential for PE investments in the Indian education sector is significant. Additionally, sector’s less correlation with the broad economic growth makes it more attractive. Page 10 A research report on Investment in Indian Education Sector SEGEMENT WISE BREAKUP OF PE INVESTMENTS IN TERMS OF NUMBER OF DEALS 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 3 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 Vocational Preschool K12 Education technology 4 College/University 3 Coaching 2006 2007 2008 Number of Deals 2009 2010 SEGMENT WISE BREAKUP OF PE INVESTMENTS IN TERMS OF DEAL VALUE 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2006 2007 83 30 74 1 2008 43 2009 2010 12 13 10 37 5 9 23 Vocational 39 Preschool K12 Education technology College/University Coaching 67. Deal Value ( US$ million) Sources: Asian Venture Capital Journal; Dow Jones Factiva; ISI Emerging Market MAJOR ISSUES ? ? ? ? ? Overregulated and under- governed Not for profit structure and all surplus needs to be reinvested High involvement of politicians in higher education industry with no willingness to change the existing structure High land prices and hoarding of land reserved for educational purposes for resale Fragmentation in the sector due to difficulties in achieving scale Page 11 A research report on Investment in Indian Education Sector.